Israel had foreknowledge of the 9/11 attacks, but they were not involved as a number of conspiracy theorists (such as Michael Rivero, who many consider to be very anti-Semitic). (If Israel was behind 9/11, why would they surveil their own terrorists? Why would Israel risk being caught by the U.S. as being part of the 9/11 even if they intended to provide the U.S. with an excuse to attack Iraq? They would have almost certainly done better than trying to tie Atta to an Iraqi intelligence agent in Prague. Why would Israel give the U.S. any warning if they were hoping to catch the U.S. by surprise? Israel's spying is usually industrial espionage.) It seems more likely that 9/11 was a domestic conspiracy. One possibility is that Israel's role was to provide some "plausible deniability" to the U.S. government while conducting some much needed discrete intelligence.